CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE (CRD) –IN POULTRY

Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) in poultry causes economical loss to farmer and in sever case it may cause mortality.

The main agents involved in the infection are Mycoplasma gallisepticum and E. coli. Stress caused by moving the birds, by debeaking, other operations/handlings or other unfavourable conditions (e.g. cold or bad ventilation), make the birds more susceptible. The main agents involved in the infection are Mycoplasma gallisepticum and E. coli. Mycoplasma gallisepticum + chronic stress factor + secondary coliform organisms cause respiratory disease.  Species susceptible are Chickens, Turkeys etc.


Transmission of CRD in Poultry

The parent birds infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum can transmit the organism through the egg to their offspring (vertical transmission). In addition, infection can occur by contact or by airborne dust or droplets (horizontal transmission).

Egg transmission:  It is of major importance and the means by which the disease perpetuates itself. Transfer can also occur on equipment (crates, vechiles and equipment).


Respiratory Infections in Poultry

Bacterial pathogens play an important role in causing respiratory disease in domestic poultry species. In many cases, the bacterial component of a respiratory disease colonizes the respiratory system only after a primary viral or environmental insult. Colonization of the airsacs of a chicken by Escherichia coli following an infectious bronchitis virus infection is an example of secondary bacterial invasion. In other cases, the bacterial component of the respiratory disease is the primary initiating cause of the disease. Examples of primary bacterial respiratory disease are infectious coryza in chickens and fowl cholera in chickens and turkeys.

Mycoplasmosis: 

There are more than 20 mycoplasma species which have been isolated in birds. Among them four species are found to be highly pathogenic to commercial poultry i.e. broilers, layers and turkeys. They are M gallisepticum, M synoviae, M meleagridis and M iowae. And these are found to be of high economic importance.


Infectious coryza:

Infectious coryza is an acute respiratory disease of chickens characterized by decreased activity, nasal discharge, sneezing, and facial swelling that occurs worldwide. The disease affects chickens, quail and pheasants caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum.


Fowl cholera:

Fowl cholera is a contagious, bacterial disease that affects domestic and wild birds worldwide. It usually occurs as a septicemia of sudden onset with high morbidity and mortality, but chronic and asymptomatic infections also occur.

Signs of Fowl cholera include depression, ruffled feathers, anorexia, diarrhoea, coughing, nasal, ocular and oral discharge, swollen and cyanotic wattles and face, sudden death, swollen joints.


Chlamydiosis:

Chlamydiosis is a systemic, bacterial infection caused by Chlamydia psittaci. Among poultry, turkeys and ducks are more susceptible than chickens. The disease varies from asymptomatic to high morbidity and mortality. Clinical signs are nonspecific and include anorexia, apathy, drop in egg production, diarrhea, ocular discharge, and respiratory disease.

Dust, ammonia and other gases, and other factors associated with poor ventilation, may act as predisposing factors. Morbidity is typically 10-20%, mortality 5- 10%. If condemned birds are included mortality may be more than 10%. Respiratory infections are ubiquitous and become complicated by concomitant infections by respiratory viruses, bacteria like E.coli .


Treatment of CRD in Poultry

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